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+# Tax Metrics — Withholding-Tax Field Schema
+
+**Owner:** Tharun Swaminathan
+**Iteration:** 1 — Design & Data Modelling
+**Date:** September 16, 2026
+
+## Objective
+
+The purpose of this design is to define how dividend withholding tax should be
+represented in Ghostfolio before implementation begins in Iteration 2.
+
+The design builds on the existing Ghostfolio activity model instead of creating
+a separate dividend transaction structure.
+
+This task defines the proposed fields, calculation relationships, validation
+rules, currency behavior, backward compatibility, and future API impact.
+
+No database or application code is changed as part of this task.
+
+## Existing Dividend Model
+
+Ghostfolio currently stores dividend transactions as normal `Order` activities
+with:
+
+`type = DIVIDEND`
+
+The existing activity already contains the main values needed for a dividend,
+including:
+
+- `quantity`
+- `unitPrice`
+- `currency`
+- `date`
+- `fee`
+
+The dividend value can be determined from:
+
+`grossDividend = quantity × unitPrice`
+
+The existing `fee` field is a general activity fee and should remain separate
+from dividend withholding tax.
+
+## Proposed Stored Field
+
+The proposed new field on the existing Prisma `Order` model is:
+
+`withholdingTax Float?`
+
+### Meaning
+
+`withholdingTax` represents the actual tax amount withheld from a dividend
+payment.
+
+The amount is stored in the activity's `currency`.
+
+Example:
+
+If the dividend activity uses USD, a value of:
+
+`withholdingTax = 15.00`
+
+means that 15.00 USD was withheld from that dividend payment.
+
+### Why the Amount Is Stored
+
+The withholding-tax amount should be treated as the authoritative value because
+it represents the actual amount deducted from the dividend.
+
+This also provides better traceability for imported transactions and future tax
+reports.
+
+The withholding percentage can be calculated from the stored amount when
+needed, so storing both the amount and percentage would introduce the possibility
+of inconsistent values.
+
+## Null and Zero Behavior
+
+The field should be nullable.
+
+`withholdingTax = null`
+
+means that withholding information is unknown or was not provided.
+
+`withholdingTax = 0`
+
+means that withholding information is known and no tax was withheld.
+
+This distinction is important for imported and historical transactions.
+
+Missing withholding information should not automatically be interpreted as zero.
+
+This allows existing Ghostfolio dividend records to remain valid after the new
+field is introduced.
+
+## Derived Values
+
+The tax feature should keep gross dividend, withholding tax, withholding rate,
+and net dividend as separate values.
+
+### Gross Dividend
+
+`grossDividend = quantity × unitPrice`
+
+The gross dividend is derived from the existing activity fields.
+
+### Withholding-Tax Amount
+
+`withholdingTax`
+
+This is the stored value.
+
+### Withholding-Tax Rate
+
+The withholding rate is derived rather than stored:
+
+`withholdingTaxRate = withholdingTax / grossDividend × 100`
+
+The rate can only be calculated when:
+
+- `grossDividend > 0`
+- `withholdingTax` is not null
+
+Otherwise:
+
+`withholdingTaxRate = null`
+
+### Net Dividend
+
+The net dividend after withholding is:
+
+`netDividend = grossDividend - withholdingTax`
+
+If `withholdingTax` is unknown (`null`), the tax analytics layer should not
+silently assume that withholding was zero.
+
+In that case:
+
+`netDividend = null`
+
+for tax reporting purposes.
+
+This preserves the difference between "no tax was withheld" and "we do not know
+whether tax was withheld."
+
+## Activity Fee
+
+Activity fees and withholding tax should remain separate.
+
+For a dividend:
+
+`grossDividend = quantity × unitPrice`
+
+`netDividend = grossDividend - withholdingTax`
+
+If the dividend also has an activity fee, the cash effect can later be expressed
+separately as:
+
+`netCashAmount = netDividend - fee`
+
+This prevents brokerage fees from being treated as tax.
+
+## Proposed Prisma Change
+
+The future Iteration 2 implementation is expected to extend the existing
+`Order` model with:
+
+```prisma
+withholdingTax Float?
+```
+
+This is a proposed design only.
+
+Using `Float?` follows the existing Ghostfolio storage pattern used for numeric
+activity fields such as `fee`, `quantity`, and `unitPrice`.
+
+Changing the wider application to a different database numeric type would be a
+shared architecture change and is outside the scope of this tax task.
+
+## Validation Rules
+
+The following validation rules should apply when the feature is implemented:
+
+1. `withholdingTax` is optional.
+2. If provided, `withholdingTax` must be numeric.
+3. The value must be greater than or equal to zero.
+4. Withholding tax is only valid for activities where `type = DIVIDEND`.
+5. For a valid dividend, `withholdingTax <= grossDividend`.
+6. A negative withholding amount is invalid.
+7. A positive withholding amount on a zero-value dividend is invalid.
+8. If an activity containing withholding tax is changed from `DIVIDEND` to
+   another activity type, the update should be rejected until the withholding
+   value is removed.
+
+Rejecting an invalid combination is preferred over silently deleting tax data.
+
+## Currency Behavior
+
+The stored `withholdingTax` value uses the same transaction currency as the
+activity's existing `currency` field.
+
+For example, `currency = USD` with `withholdingTax = 15` means that 15 USD was
+withheld.
+
+The future tax implementation should follow Ghostfolio's existing
+currency-conversion approach for reporting values.
+
+The enriched activity response may later expose:
+
+- `withholdingTaxInAssetProfileCurrency`
+- `withholdingTaxInBaseCurrency`
+
+These should be derived values rather than additional persisted tax amounts.
+
+The original stored withholding amount should remain unchanged so the value
+continues to match the source transaction.
+
+## Proposed DTO Changes
+
+During Iteration 2, the existing activity DTOs would need to accept the new
+field.
+
+### CreateOrderDto
+
+```ts
+@IsNumber()
+@Min(0)
+@IsOptional()
+withholdingTax?: number | null;
+```
+
+### UpdateOrderDto
+
+```ts
+@IsNumber()
+@Min(0)
+@IsOptional()
+withholdingTax?: number | null;
+```
+
+Cross-field validation that depends on the activity type and gross dividend
+should remain in the service/business-logic layer because it uses multiple
+activity fields.
+
+## Proposed API Response Values
+
+The stored activity would contain:
+
+`withholdingTax`
+
+The enriched activity response may later include:
+
+- `withholdingTaxRate`
+- `withholdingTaxInAssetProfileCurrency`
+- `withholdingTaxInBaseCurrency`
+- `netDividend`
+
+These should be calculated values instead of additional persisted database
+fields.
+
+The existing meaning of Ghostfolio's activity `value` should not be changed as
+part of this feature unless a later integration decision explicitly requires
+it.
+
+This reduces the risk of changing existing portfolio calculations while adding
+tax analytics.
+
+## Example 1 — Dividend With Withholding
+
+```text
+type = DIVIDEND
+quantity = 10
+unitPrice = 10.00
+currency = USD
+fee = 0
+withholdingTax = 15.00
+```
+
+```text
+grossDividend = 10 × 10.00
+              = 100.00 USD
+
+withholdingTax = 15.00 USD
+
+withholdingTaxRate = 15 / 100 × 100
+                   = 15%
+
+netDividend = 100.00 - 15.00
+            = 85.00 USD
+```
+
+## Example 2 — Explicitly No Withholding
+
+```text
+type = DIVIDEND
+quantity = 10
+unitPrice = 10.00
+currency = USD
+withholdingTax = 0
+```
+
+```text
+grossDividend = 100.00 USD
+withholdingTax = 0.00 USD
+withholdingTaxRate = 0%
+netDividend = 100.00 USD
+```
+
+This means the system knows that no withholding tax was applied.
+
+## Example 3 — Historical Dividend With Unknown Withholding
+
+```text
+type = DIVIDEND
+quantity = 10
+unitPrice = 10.00
+currency = USD
+withholdingTax = null
+```
+
+```text
+grossDividend = 100.00 USD
+withholdingTax = unknown
+withholdingTaxRate = null
+netDividend = null
+```
+
+The existing dividend remains valid, but the tax analytics layer does not
+pretend that the unknown withholding value is zero.
+
+## Import and Backward Compatibility
+
+Existing Ghostfolio dividend activities do not currently contain withholding-tax
+information.
+
+The new field therefore needs to be nullable so existing database records,
+imports, and historical transactions remain valid.
+
+Older imports that do not contain the field should result in:
+
+`withholdingTax = null`
+
+New imports may provide the field when the source data contains an actual
+withholding amount.
+
+The absence of the field must not cause an otherwise valid dividend import to
+fail.
+
+## Calculation Precision
+
+The stored field should follow the existing Ghostfolio numeric model for
+compatibility.
+
+Financial calculations involving withholding should use the same
+high-precision calculation approach already used by Ghostfolio where practical
+rather than relying on repeated raw floating-point arithmetic.
+
+Rounding should not be applied unnecessarily during intermediate calculations.
+
+Display and export rounding rules will be defined separately with the tax export
+design.
+
+## Edge Cases
+
+The implementation and future tests should cover:
+
+- withholding amount is null
+- withholding amount is zero
+- normal positive withholding amount
+- withholding equal to the full gross dividend
+- withholding greater than the gross dividend
+- negative withholding amount
+- zero-value dividend with positive withholding
+- withholding supplied for a non-dividend activity
+- imported historical dividend without withholding information
+- dividend containing both an activity fee and withholding tax
+- foreign-currency dividend
+- activity updated from `DIVIDEND` to another activity type
+
+## Acceptance Criteria
+
+This design is complete when:
+
+- the withholding-tax stored field is clearly defined
+- null and zero have different documented meanings
+- the authoritative stored value is identified
+- the withholding rate is defined as a derived value
+- gross and net dividend formulas are documented
+- withholding tax remains separate from activity fees
+- validation rules are defined
+- currency behavior is defined
+- existing and imported dividends remain backward compatible
+- expected DTO and API impact is documented
+- important edge cases are identified
+- no jurisdiction-specific tax rules are introduced
+
+## Implementation Impact — Iteration 2
+
+The Iteration 2 implementation is expected to affect:
+
+- `prisma/schema.prisma`
+- `libs/common/src/lib/dtos/create-order.dto.ts`
+- `libs/common/src/lib/dtos/update-order.dto.ts`
+- `apps/api/src/app/activities/activities.service.ts`
+- `libs/common/src/lib/interfaces/activities.interface.ts`
+
+Import handling may also need to recognize the optional field while remaining
+compatible with older files.
+
+Actual source-code changes belong to Iteration 2 and are not part of this design
+task.
+
+## Design Decision Summary
+
+```text
+Stored:
+withholdingTax
+
+Derived:
+grossDividend
+withholdingTaxRate
+netDividend
+withholdingTaxInAssetProfileCurrency
+withholdingTaxInBaseCurrency
+```
+
+The stored withholding amount is the source of truth.
+
+The rate is calculated from the stored amount and gross dividend.
+
+A null value means the withholding information is unknown, while zero means
+that the system knows no withholding occurred.
+
+This approach keeps the design simple, traceable, backward compatible, and close
+to Ghostfolio's existing activity structure.
+
+## Next Task
+
+The next scheduled tax task is September 17:
+
+**Specify the FIFO capital-gains calculation method.**
+
+That task will define transaction filtering and ordering, acquisition-lot
+consumption, partial lot sales, realized gain calculations, traceability, and
+edge cases.